原文:http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=14552
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Origins of the American Empire: Revolution, World Wars and
World Order Global Power and Global Government Part 2 by Andrew Gavin Marshall |
アメリカ帝国の起源:改革、世界大戦、世界秩序 |
Russia, Oil and Revolution By the 1870s, John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Empire had a virtual monopoly over the United States, and even many foreign countries. In 1890, the King of Holland gave his blessing for the creation of an international oil company called Royal Dutch Oil Company, which was mainly founded to refine and sell kerosene from Indonesia, a Dutch colony. Also in 1890, a British company was founded with the intended purpose of shipping oil, the Shell Transport and Trading Company, and it “began transporting Royal Dutch oil from Sumatra to destinations everywhere,” and eventually, “the two companies merged to become Royal Dutch Shell.”[1]
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ロシア、石油、および革命 1870年代までに、ジョン・D・ロックフェラーのスタンダード石油帝国は、合衆国において、また多くの諸外国においてさえ、事実上の独占を勝ち得た。1890年に、オランダ国王がロイヤル・ダッチ石油会社と呼ばれる国際的な石油会社の創立のために、彼の恩恵を与えた。その会社の主な創立目的は、オランダの植民地であるインドネシアからの灯油を精製販売することであった。 また1890年に、シェル輸送貿易会社という英国の会社が、石油を輸送する目的で創立され、その会社の「最初の仕事は、スマトラからのロイヤル・ダッチの石油を至る所の目的地に輸送することであった。」 そして、最終的に「それら二つの会社は合併し、ロイヤル・ダッチ・シェルになった。」[1]
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世界大戦が世界秩序を組み立て直す
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The modern banking system manufactures money out of
nothing. The process is perhaps the most astounding piece of sleight of
hand that was ever invented. Banking was conceived in inequity and born in
sin . . . Bankers own the earth. Take it away from them but leave them the
power to create money, and, with a flick of a pen, they will create enough
money to buy it back again . . . Take this great power away from them, and
all great fortunes like mine will disappear, for then this would be a
better and happier world to live in. . . . But, if you want to continue to
be the slaves of bankers and pay the cost of your own slavery, then let
bankers continue to create money and control
credit.[38] - Sir Josiah Stamp, Director of the Bank of England,
1927 Benjamin Strong, Governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and Montagu Norman, Governor of the Bank of England, who worked closely together throughout the 1920s, decided to “use the financial power of Britain and the United States to force all the major countries of the world to go on the gold standard and to operate it through central banks free from all political control, with all questions of international finance to be settled by agreements by such central banks without interference from governments.” These men were not working for the governments and nations of whom they purportedly represented, but “were the technicians and agents of the dominant investment bankers of their own countries, who had raised them up and were perfectly capable of throwing them down.”[39]
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大恐慌 現代の銀行制度はお金を無から作り出す。その過程は、かつてでっち上げられた中で最も仰天すべきぺてんであろう。銀行業は不公平の中ではらまれ、罪の中に生まれた・・・銀行家は地球を所有している。彼らからそれを取り戻しても、彼らにお金を創造する権力を残したままにするならば、彼らはペンの一振りでそれを再び買い戻すのに十分なお金を創造するであろう・・・ 彼らからこの強大な権力を取り除けば、宝庫のような全ての巨万の富が消え去り、住むのにより適したより幸福な世界が実現するであろう・・・しかし、もし、銀行家の奴隷であり続け、奴隷の身分に伴う損失を払い続けたいならば、銀行家にお金を創造させ、信用を支配させ続ければ良いであろう。[38] - ヨシア・スタンプ卿、イングランド銀行取締役、1927年 1920年代を通して密接に協力関係にあったニューヨーク連銀頭取のベンジャミン・ストロングとイングランド銀行総裁のモンタージュ・ノーマンは、「英国と合衆国の金融力を利用して世界の全ての主要な国々に金本位制を採用させ、全ての政治的支配から独立した中央銀行を通してそれを運営させ、国際的な金融に関する全ての問題を政府の干渉無しにそのような中央銀行間の協定によって解決させるようにする」ことを決めた。 これらの男達は、政府や国民を代表していると自称していたが、政府や国民のために働いていたのではなく、「彼らの国の最有力な投資銀行家のための専門家であり代理人であった。そして、その投資銀行家が彼らを育てたのであり、彼らを完璧に失脚させる力を持っていた。」[39]
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The Bank for International
Settlements In 1929, the Young Committee was formed to create a program for the settlement of German reparations payments that emerged out of the Versailles Treaty, written at the Paris Peace talks in 1919. The Committee was headed by Owen D. Young, founder of Radio Corporation of America (RCA), as a subsidiary of General Electric. He was also President and CEO of GE from 1922 until 1939, co-author of the 1924 Dawes Plan, was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1928, and was also, in 1929, deputy chairman of the New York Federal Reserve Bank. When Young was sent to Europe in 1929 to form the program for German reparations payments he was accompanied by J.P Morgan, Jr.[45]
[T]he powers of financial capitalism had another far-reaching
aim, nothing less than to create a world system of financial control in
private hands able to dominate the political system of
each country and the economy of the world as a whole. This system was to
be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the central banks of the world
acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived at in frequent private
meetings and conferences. The apex of the system was to be the Bank for
International Settlements in Basle, Switzerland, a private bank owned and
controlled by the world’s central banks which were themselves private
corporations.[49] The BIS was founded by “the central banks of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Japan, and the United Kingdom along with three leading commercial banks from the United States, including J.P. Morgan & Company, First National Bank of New York, and First National Bank of Chicago. Each central bank subscribed to 16,000 shares and the three U.S. banks also subscribed to this same number of shares.” However, “Only central banks have voting power.”[50]
Banking on Hitler Throughout the 1930s, with the loans provided through the Dawes and Young Plans, Germany was able to create a few dominant industrial cartels, which were all financed by Wall Street bankers and industrialists.[52] These cartels provided the basis for and main financial backing of the Nazi regime. Collaboration between the German Nazi industry and American industry and finance continued, specifically with Morgan and Rockefeller interests, as well as Ford and DuPont. The Morgan-Rockefeller international banks and companies associated with them “were intimately related to the growth of Nazi industry.”[53] Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Empire “was of critical assistance in helping Nazi Germany prepare for World War II.”[54] On top of this, the Rockefeller Foundation was also pivotal in not only funding the racist and elitist eugenics movement in the United States, but played a pivotal part in bringing the eugenics ideology to Nazi Germany, facilitating the beliefs that brought about the Holocaust.[55]
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国際決済銀行 1919年のパリ平和会議で書かれたベルサイユ条約において規定されたドイツの賠償金支払い清算のためのプログラムを作るために、1929年にヤング委員会が設立された。その委員会の委員長はオーウェン・D・ヤングであり、ゼネラル・エレクトリックの子会社としてアメリカ・ラジオ会社(RCA)を設立した人物である。彼は1922年から1939年までの間、GEの社長にしてCEOでもあって、ドーズ案の共著者で、1928年にロックフェラー財団の評議員に任命され、1929年にはニューヨーク連銀の副頭取でもあった。ドイツの賠償金支払いのためのプログラムを作るために1929年にヤングは欧州に派遣されたが、J.P.モルガンJr.が同行していた。[45]
金融資本主義の権力者は別の遠大な目的を持っていたが、それは各国の政治制度と世界の経済を全体として支配することができるように、金融支配の世界システムを創造・私有することであった。このシステムは、協調して振舞う世界中の中央銀行によって、しばしば開催される私的な会合や会議で決められた秘密の協定によって、封建的に支配される得る。そのシステムの頂点に位置するのがスイスのバーゼルにある国際決済銀行であり、それら自身が民間法人であるところの世界中の中央銀行によって所有・支配される民間銀行である。[49] BISは、「合衆国の一流の三商業銀行、すなわちJ.P.モルガン&カンパニー、ニューヨーク・ファースト・ナショナル銀行、シカゴ・ファースト・ナショナル銀行、並びにベルギー、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、オランダ、日本、および英国の中央銀行」によって創設された。「各中央銀行は16,000株を引き受け、合衆国の三銀行も同じ数の株式を引き受けた。」 しかし、「中央銀行だけが投票権を持っている。」[50]
ヒットラーへの銀行融資 1930年代を通して、ドーズ案とヤング案に基づいて提供された融資の御蔭で、ドイツは少数の有力な産業カルテルを作ることができたが、全てウォール街の金融家や実業家によって融資されていた。[52] これらのカルテルは、ナチス政権を金融上支援し、ナチス政権の基盤となった。ドイツのナチス産業とアメリカの産業・金融との間に協力は続いたが、特にフォードおよびデュポンと同様にモルガンおよびロックフェラー財閥との協力が顕著であった。彼らと協力していたモルガン-ロックフェラーの国際的な銀行・会社は、「ナチス産業の成長と密接に関係していた。」 [53] ロックフェラーのスタンダード石油帝国は、「ナチス・ドイツが第二次世界大戦の準備を助けることにおいて決定的な助力をした。」[54] それに加えて、ロックフェラー財閥は、合衆国における民族主義・エリート主義優生学運動への資金調達の中枢であっただけではなく、ナチス・ドイツに優生学イデオロギーをもたらすことにおいて重大な役割を演じ、ホロコーストを生み出すような信念の成長を促した。[55]
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Empire, War and the Rise of the New Global
Hegemon World War Two also marked a period of massive imperial transition. The build-up of the Third Reich led to Nazi imperialism throughout Europe and North Africa and the Japanese Empire expanded into China. At the end of the War, the British and French Empires were all but vanished, holding onto remaining colonies in Africa and Asia. The Soviet Union was devastated and Germany, with much of Europe, was in ruins. What emerged from this war that was most significant was the rise of a new empire, the American Empire. America’s intervention into the war and expansion into Europe as a liberating force allowed it to set up bases throughout Europe as well as in Japan on the Pacific. The Soviet Union, having taken Europe from the East, expanded its influence and dominance across Eastern Europe. Following Churchill’s speech that an “Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe, the Cold War was underway. Thus, World War II ended the age of many European empires, even of those in decline, and created a bi-polar world, which was divided between the USSR and the USA.
The Rise of the American Empire and Keynesian Political
Economy Within liberal political economy, a prominent individual and British economist, John Maynard Keynes, undertook the process of evolving liberal theory into what later became known as Keynesian economics. Following in the footsteps of the dominance of the liberal order, in which the economic and political realms were viewed as separate, and necessarily so, Keynes sought to re-imagine the political-economic relationship. His work was largely influenced by the events leading up to and following the Great Depression, which was largely seen as a failure of the liberal economic order. Keynes wanted to combine state and market forces, not rejecting the liberal notion of the “invisible hand,” however, relegated that to a more distinct area, and imagined a broader role for the state in the economy.
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帝国、戦争、そして新しいグローバル覇権の隆盛 第二次世界大戦もまた、大規模な帝国変遷の期間であった。第三帝国の成長の結果、ナチス帝国主義は欧州と北アフリカに充満し、大日本帝国は中国に進出した。 その戦争の終わりにおいて、大英帝国とフランス帝国は消えたも同然であるが、アフリカとアジアに残った植民地を持ち続けていた。ソ連は荒廃し、欧州の殆どとともにドイツは廃墟状態であった。この戦争で現れた最も重要なことは、新しい帝国アメリカ帝国の興隆であった。戦争への介入および解放軍としての欧州への展開によって、アメリカは太平洋における日本だけではなく欧州全体に拠点を得た。ソ連は、東洋から欧州をとって、その影響力と優位性を東欧に拡張した。欧州に「鉄のカーテン」が下りたというチャーチルの演説のあと、冷戦が始まった。 このように、第二次世界大戦によって多くの欧州の帝国は衰退し、その時代が終わり、ソ連と合衆国によって分割された2極体制の世界が生まれた。
アメリカ帝国とケインズ政治経済学の興隆 自由主義政治経済学の中で、著名人で英国の経済学者のジョン・メイナード・ケインズは、後にケインズ経済学として知られるようになったものへ自由主義学説を発展させた。 経済界と政界は必ず分離されていると看做される自由秩序優位性の足跡を辿って、ケインズは政治と経済の関係を再考しようと努めた。彼の仕事は、自由経済秩序の失敗と大勢が見ていた大恐慌に至るまで及びその後の出来事に大きく影響された。 ケインズは、「見えざる手」という自由主義の考え方を排除せずに、それをより明確な領域に制限することで、国家と市場の力を結合することを欲し、経済における国家のより広い役割を思い描いた。
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Notes
[1] Edwin Black, Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq’s 7,000-Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 2004: page 105
[2] Edwin Black, Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq’s 7,000-Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 2004: page 107
[3] Patricia Goldstone, Aaronsohn's Maps: The Untold Story of the Man who Might Have Created Peace in the Middle East. Harcourt Trade, 2007: pages 21-22
[4] Patricia Goldstone, Aaronsohn's Maps: The Untold Story of the Man who Might Have Created Peace in the Middle East. Harcourt Trade, 2007: page 22
[5] Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. Perseus, 2002: pages 193-194
[6] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. The MacMillan Company: 1966: page 56
[7] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. The MacMillan Company: 1966: pages 499-500
[8] Herbert R. Lottman, Return of the Rothschilds: The Great Banking Dynasty Through Two Turbulent Centuries. I.B. Tauris, 1995: page 81
[9] Patricia Goldstone, Aaronsohn's Maps: The Untold Story of the Man who Might Have Created Peace in the Middle East. Harcourt Trade, 2007: pages 22-23
[10] Herbert R. Lottman, Return of the Rothschilds: The Great Banking Dynasty Through Two Turbulent Centuries. I.B. Tauris, 1995: pages 141-142
[11] Herbert R. Lottman, Return of the Rothschilds: The Great Banking Dynasty Through Two Turbulent Centuries. I.B. Tauris, 1995: pages 143-144
[12] Herbert R. Lottman, Return of the Rothschilds: The Great Banking Dynasty Through Two Turbulent Centuries. I.B. Tauris, 1995: pages 141-142
[13] NYT, Rockefeller To Aid Czar? New York Times: March 6, 1906
[14] Toyin Falola and Ann Genova, The Politics of the Global Oil Industry. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005: page 215
[15] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 16-17
[16] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: page 25
[17] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: page 34
[18] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 25-26
[19] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 71-73
[20] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 89-90
[21] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 73-77
[22] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 82-83
[23] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: page 87
[24] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 127-135
[25] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 159-161
[26] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 166-167
[27] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution. Buccaneer Books, New York, 1974: pages 172-173
[28] Michael Kort, The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath. M.E. Sharpe, 2001: page 202
[29] Time, Russia & Recognition. Time Magazine: August 18, 1930: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789203,00.html
[30] Time, Everybody's Red Business. Time Magazine: June 9, 1930: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,739474-5,00.html
[31] H.W. Brands, "He Is My Independent Self". The Washington Post: June 11, 2006: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060801104.html
[32] CFR, Continuing the Inquiry. History of CFR: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/inquiry.html
[33] Chatham House, CHATHAM HOUSE (The Royal Institute of International Affairs): Background. Chatham House History: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/about/history/
[34] Carroll Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment. GSG & Associates, 1981: page 5
[35] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. The MacMillan Company: 1966: pages 132-133
[36] William L. Cleaveland, A History of the Modern Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 2004), 37-38
[37] William L. Cleaveland, A History of the Modern Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press, 2004), 49-50
[38] Ellen Hodgson Brown, Web of Debt. Third Millennium Press: 2007: Page 2
[39] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. The MacMillan Company: 1966: pages 326-327
[40] John Kenneth Galbraith, Money: Whence it Came, Where it Went (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975), 173
[41] John Kenneth Galbraith, Money: Whence it Came, Where it Went (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975), 174-175
[42] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. The MacMillan Company: 1966: page 342
[43] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. The MacMillan Company: 1966: page 344
[44] Alan Greenspan, “Gold and Economic Freedom” in Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. (New York: Signet, 1967), 99-100
[45] Time, HEROES: Man-of-the-Year. Time Magazine: Jan 6, 1930: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,738364-1,00.html
[46] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. G S G & Associates Pub, 1976: pages 15-16
[47] James Calvin Baker, The Bank for International Settlements: evolution and evaluation. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002: page 2
[48] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan Company, 1966), 324-325
[49] Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time (New York: Macmillan Company, 1966), 324
[50] James Calvin Baker, The Bank for International Settlements: evolution and evaluation. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002: page 6
[51] Melvin Urofsky and Paul Finkelman, A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States Volume II From 1877 to the Present 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press, 2002: pp. 674
[52] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. G S G & Associates Pub, 1976: pages 17-19
[53] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. G S G & Associates Pub, 1976: pages 19-20
[54] Antony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler. G S G & Associates Pub, 1976: page 51
[55] Edwin Black, Eugenics and the Nazis -- the California connection. The San Francisco Chronicle: November 9, 2003: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/11/09/ING9C2QSKB1.DTL
[56] James Calvin Baker, The Bank for International Settlements: evolution and evaluation. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002: page 202
[57] CFR, War and Peace. CFR History: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/war_peace.html
[58] William P. Bundy, The History of Foreign Affairs. The Council on Foreign Relations, 1994: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/foreign_affairs.html
[59] CFR, War and Peace. CFR History: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/war_peace.html
[60] UN, 1945-1949. Sixty Years: A Pictorial History of the United Nations: http://www.un.org/issues/gallery/history/1940s.htm
[61] Peter Dale Scott, The Road to 9/11: Wealth, Empire, and the Future of America. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 12